宸村埄瑾炶鍚堣姒傝

 

涓銆佽鍚堣鐨勫垎椤

 

浠ヤ笅缍滃悎鍗板害鍌崇当灏嶈鍚堣鐨勭湅娉(鍏洟鍚堥噵)锛屼互鍙婅繎浠hタ鏂规⒌宸村鑰呯殑鎰忚锛屽皣涔嬪ぇ鍒嗗洓椤烇紝绱板垎涓冮锛屼篃灏辨槸灏嶅叚闆㈠悎閲嬪啀鍋氭绱嶏紝鎴愮偤涓夊ぇ椤烇紝涓︽妸涓嶅爆鏂艰┎鍏ó鐨勬鍏ャ屽彞娉曡鍚堣銆嶏紝鍙︾珛涓椤炪備笅闈究鏄欑ó鍒嗛鐨勭媭娉侊細

 

1. 涓﹀垪瑜囧悎瑭炪佺浉閬曢噵 (Dvanda samasa = Co-ordinative compounds)

 

瑜囧悎瑭A-B褰兼鐛ㄧ珛锛屽湴浣嶇浉绛夛紝鍏堕枔娌掓湁淇>闂滀總锛屽 hatthi-gavassa-

valavam = 璞°佺墰銆侀Μ銆侀ň锛kesa-massum = 楂侀瑲

 

2. 闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭 (Determinative compounds)

 

瑜囧悎瑭A-B涓涓讳竴寰烇紝閫氬父浠B鐐轰富锛A淇>B锛屼絾涔熸湁鍊掔疆鐨勩傚張锛屼竴

鑸獚鐐猴紝閯拌繎閲嬮洊涔熸槸A闄愬畾B锛屼絾瑾炵京閲嶅績鍦A銆傞檺瀹氳鍚堣鍙牴鎿氶檺瀹

A鐨勮鎬э紝浠ュ強AB闄愬畾鏂瑰紡鐨勪笉鍚岋紝鍒嗘垚浠ヤ笅鏁搁锛

 

(1) 鏍奸檺瀹氳鍚堣銆佷緷涓婚噵 (Tappurisa samasa = Dependent compounds)

 

A浠ヤ富鏍艰垏鍛兼牸涔嬪鐨勫叚绋牸涔嬩竴锛岄檺瀹B锛屽bhatta-karako = 寤氬斧(鈥

闄愬畾)pitu-sadiso = 鑸囩埗瑕竴妯(鈥鍏锋牸闄愬畾)putta-dara-hito = 鍒╃泭

濡诲厭(鈥鐐烘牸闄愬畾)yoga-kkhemam = 闆㈣粵瀹夌┅(鈥寰炴牸闄愬畾)rukkha-mule

= 妯逛笅 (鈥灞牸闄愬畾)ayatana-kusalo = 鏂煎叆铏曞杽宸 (鈥铏曟牸闄愬畾)

 

(2) 鍚屾牸闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭炪佹寔妤噵 (Kamma-dharaya samasa = Descriptive compounds)

 

AB鍚屾牸锛屾槸鍚屾牸闄愬畾闂滀總锛屽jambu-rukkho = 闁绘诞妯癸紝maha-puriso =

銆傛澶栨垜鍊戜篃鎶A鐐哄壇瑭炴ц獮瑭炵殑鎯呮硜姝稿湪姝ら锛屾鏅AB鐨勯檺瀹氬爆

鏂笺屾剰缇┿嶇殑闄愬畾锛岃岄潪銆屾牸銆嶇殑闄愬畾锛屽tatha-gato = 濡備締锛a-manusso =

闈炰汉銆傞欎簩绋鍚堣涓紝鍓嶈(鍚屾牸闄愬畾)鍙ū鐐恒屾婧栧瀷鎸佹キ閲嬨嶏紝寰岃(

瑭炴ч檺瀹)鍙彨鍋氥屾摯鍏呭瀷鎸佹キ閲嬨嶃

 

(3) 鏁搁檺瀹氳鍚堣銆佸付鏁搁噵 (Digu samasa = Numerial-prifixed compounds)

 

甯舵暩閲嬫槸妯欐簴鍨嬫寔妤噵(鍚屾牸闄愬畾)鐨勪竴绋紝鏄A鐐烘暩瑭炵殑鎯呮硜锛屽dasa-silam

= 鍗佹垝锛satta-ratanani = 涓冨銆

 

(4) 涓嶈畩鍖栭檺瀹氳鍚堣銆侀劙杩戦噵 (Avyayibhava samasa = Indeclinable compounds)

 

閯拌繎閲嬫槸銆屾摯鍏呭瀷鎸佹キ閲嬨(鍓鎬ч檺瀹)鐨勪竴鍊嬬壒娈婄媭娉侊紝鍗充笉浣A鏄屽壇

瑭炴ц獮瑭炪嶏紝鑰屼笖鏁村嬭鍚堣鍙栥屼腑鎬с佸柈鏁搞佸皪鏍笺嶅仛銆屽壇瑭炪嶇殑鎯呮硜锛

yava-jivam = 绲傜敓(濂夎)yatha-kammam = 闅ㄦキ(寰鐢)

 

3. 鎵鏈夎鍚堣銆佹湁璨¢噵 (Bahubbihi samasa = Possessive compounds)

 

绨″柈瑾紝鏈夎病閲嬪氨鏄笂杩般屼甫鍒楄鍚堣銆嶃併岄檺瀹氳鍚堣銆嶆垨浠ヤ笅銆屽彞娉曡

鍚堣銆嶇殑銆屽舰瀹硅鍖栥嶏紝瑜囧悎瑭A-B鍋氥屽舰瀹硅銆嶏紝淇>鍙︿竴鍊嬭獮瑭 (鍙ū

鐐恒屼腑蹇冭銆) C锛屾暣鍊嬨A-B C銆嶇祼妲嬩竴鑸剰璎傘CA閭fǎ鐨B銆嶆垨

CBA閭fǎ鐨勩嶏紝鐣剁劧鍏烽珨鐨勬剰鎬濋爤渚濆闅涜獮澧冨仛閬╃暥瑾挎暣銆備腑蹇

C涓鑸槸銆屽椤殑銆嶏紝濡eka-salake arame = 鍦ㄦ湁钁椾竴鍊嬭瑳鍫傜殑鍦掓灄涓

ayasma assaji okkhitta-cakkhu = 灏婅呴樋瑾ず(璧拌矾鏅)闆欑溂浣庡瀭锛屼篃鏈夌殑C

銆岄毐鍚殑銆嶏紝濡khanti-mettqnuddaya-sampanno = 鍏锋湁蹇嶈颈銆佹厛鎰涗互鍙婃啇鎲

鐨勪汉catuppada = 鍥涢毣鑵崇殑鍕曠墿

 

4. 鍙ユ硶瑜囧悎瑭 (Syntactical compounds)

 

鍙ユ硶瑜囧悎瑭炴槸姝镐笉閫蹭笂杩板叚绋箣涓殑鎯呮硜锛A-B涔嬮枔鏃㈤潪涓﹀垪锛屼篃闈為檺瀹

闂滀總锛屽彧鍥犲湪鍙ヤ腑鏈夈屾剰缇╀笂鐨勫瘑鍒囪伅绻嶏紝鑰岃鏀惧湪涓璧凤紝鎴愮偤瑜囧悎瑭炪

ehi passa dhammam (渚嗙湅鐪嬫硶鍚) > ehipassiko dhammo = 娉曟槸鍊煎緱璜嬩汉渚

鐪嬬殑panna-sabbam bandhati (缍佷笂妯硅憠浣滅偤妯欒獙) > panna-bandhana-sabbam

= 缍佷笂妯硅憠浣滅偤妯欒獙鐨勬儏褰(鎴栫繏淇)

 

浜屻佸悇椤炶鍚堣鍒嗚鑸囪垑渚

 

1. 涓﹀垪瑜囧悎瑭炪佺浉閬曢噵 (Dvanda samasa = Co-ordinative compounds)

 

(1) 閲嬪悕锛鈥渄vanda鈥 鎰忚瑐銆屼簩鍊嬫垨澶氬嬫鎴愮殑涓绲勬澅瑗裤(pair or couple)

(2) 鎴愬摗A-B涔嬮枔褰兼鐛ㄧ珛锛屽湴浣嶇浉鐣讹紝娌掓湁淇>闂滀總 (鐩哥暥鏂肩渷鐣ヤ簡

cava)

(3) 渚濇垚鍝A-B鐨勮鎬у垎锛屽彲鏈変互涓嬫暩绋儏褰細

(a) 閫氬父鐢便屽悕瑭炪嶈鍚堣屾垚(澶氬仛鍚嶈鐢)

piti-sukham =鍠溿佹▊udayattham = 鐢熴佹粎 (浠ヤ笂涓у柈鏁革紝琛ㄩ泦

鍚堟垨涓楂)

ahi-vicchika = 铔囥佽爫bati-mitta = 瑕佹湅 (浠ヤ笂瑜囨暩锛岃〃鍊嬪垾鎴

澶氭ǎ)disa-vidisa = 鍒拌檿(鍋氬壇瑭)

(b) 灏戞暩鐢便屽舰瀹硅銆嶆鎴(鍋氬舰瀹硅鐢)

kanha-sukka = 榛戣垏鐧界殑銆

sama-sama = 瀹屽叏涓妯g殑sorata-sorata = 妤靛拰鍠勭殑khuddanu-

khudaka = 灏忎箣鍙堝皬鐨 (妤靛皬鐨)銆傘愭敞銆戯細銆岄噸瑜囪獮銆嶆鎴愮殑瑜囧悎

瑭炰笉鏄撴椤烇紝鏆鏂兼銆

(c) 妤靛皯鏁哥敱銆屽壇瑭炪嶆鎴(鍋氬壇瑭炵敤)

puna-p-punam = 涓鍐嶄竴鍐嶅湴ajjhatta-bahiddha = 鍏с佸uddam-

adho = 涓娿佷笅

(d) 瑷卞銆屾暩瑭炪嶇殕鐐虹浉閬曢噵锛

dvadasa = 浜岃垏鍗 (鍗佷簩)pabca-dasa = 浜旇垏鍗 (鍗佷簲)caturasiti

= 鍥涜垏鍏崄 (鍏崄鍥)

 

 

 

2. 闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭 (Determinative compounds)

 

鍑¤鍚堣 A-B涓紝A浠ユ煇绋柟寮忋岄檺瀹氥(鎴栦慨椋) B鑰咃紝璎備箣闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭炪

A鐨勮鎬у強灏B鐨勪笉鍚岄檺瀹氭柟寮忥紝鍙垎浠ヤ笅鏁哥ó銆

 

(1) 鏍奸檺瀹氳鍚堣銆佷緷涓婚噵 (Tappurisa samasa = Dependent compounds)

 

閲嬪悕锛鈥渢appurisa鈥 (tat-purisa) 鎰忚瑐銆浠栫殑浜(his person灞牸闄愬畾)锛屾垨銆

鍊嬩汉(that person鍚屾牸闄愬畾)锛屾湰韬嵆闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭炵殑涓渚 (浠ヤ緥鐐哄悕)A-B

涓紝B鏄腑蹇冭锛AB鐨勯檮灞垨淇>涔嬭獮锛屽洜姝よ瑐涔嬨屼緷閲嬨嶃

鎴愬摗A閫氬父鐐哄悕瑭炴垨浠e悕瑭烇紝瀹冭垏鎴愬摗B涔嬮枔鐨勯棞淇傚彲鑳芥湁闄や富鏍艰垏

鍛兼牸涔嬪鐨勫叚绋屾牸閲嬨(灏嶆牸闂滀總鏈灏戯紝灞牸鏈澶)

鎴愬摗B鍙兘鐐猴細

涓鑸悕瑭烇細 rukkha-mulam = -bhikkhu-savgho = 姣斾笜-

鍕曚綔鍚嶈锛dukkha-nirodho = -婊adinnadanam = 涓嶈垏-鍙

浣滆呭悕瑭烇細go-ghatako = 灞犵墰鑰metta-vihari = -浣忚dhamma-

dharo = 鎸佹硶甯loka-vidu = 涓栭枔-瑙

閬庡幓鍒嗚锛sila-sampanno = 鍏疯冻-鎴掕brahma-datto = -鎺

appamada-rato = 妯傛柤-涓嶆斁閫搞

鏈締琚嫊鍒嗚锛manasi-karaniya dhamma = 鎳変綔-涔嬫硶maggo

piti-gamaniyo = 鈥鑳藉皫鑷(寮曠敓)-鍠滄倕涔嬮亾cakkhu-

vibbana-vibbatabba dhamma = 鈥-璀-鎵鑳戒簡鍒涔嬫硶

褰㈠瑭烇細matu-sadiso = 鑸囨瘝瑕竴妯deva-samo = 鑸囧ぉ鍚岀瓑brahma-

samo = 鑸囨⒌鍚岀瓑dhatu-kusalo = 鏂肩晫鍠勫阀ayatana-kusalo =

鏂煎叆铏曞杽宸 kaya-gutti-kusalo = 鏂艰韬杽宸

鏁歌锛gatha-satam = 鐧惧亪pabca vassa-sahassani = 浜斿崈骞

鎴愬摗A鍙兘淇濈暀鍘熶締鐨勬牸璁婂寲锛屽锛

antam-karo = 婊呯洝鑰kalam-kato = 姝昏sabbam-jaho = 妫勬崹涓鍒囪

(灏嶆牸)銆

pubbe-nivaso = 瀹夸綇 (鍓嶄笘鐨勫瓨鍦)majjhe-kalyana = 涓杽manasi-

karo = 浣滄剰ante-vasi = 鍏т綇鑰(寮熷瓙) nabhasi-gama = 鍦ㄥぉ绌鸿

(铏曟牸)

 

(2) 鍚屾牸闄愬畾瑜囧悎瑭炪佹寔妤噵 (Kamma-dharaya samasa = Descriptive compounds)

 

閲嬪悕锛鈥渒amma-dharaya鈥 鎰忚瑐銆鎸佹キ銆嶃A-B涓紝AB鎵甯剁殑銆屾キ銆

(鐗硅唱銆佸爆鎬)锛屽父鐐恒屽悓浣嶈獮銆嶆垨銆屽舰瀹硅銆嶃

姝よ檿姒傚垎銆屾婧栧瀷銆嶈垏銆屾摯鍏呭瀷銆嶄簩绋紝妯欐簴鍨嬫寔妤噵鎸囪鍚堣A-B

銆屽悕瑭炴 + 鍚嶈鎬с(鏈甯歌鐨勬槸銆屽悕瑭 + 鍚嶈銆嶆垨銆屽舰瀹硅 + 鍚嶈銆)

涔熷氨鏄湡姝c屽悓鏍笺嶉檺瀹氱殑鎯呮硜銆傚付鏁搁噵鍗虫槸姝ゅ瀷鐨勪竴鍊嬬壒渚 (A鐐烘暩

瑭炵殑鎯呮硜)銆傛摯鍏呭瀷鎸佹キ閲嬫寚鎴愬摗A鐐恒屽壇瑭炴ц獮瑭炪(鍖呮嫭鎺ラ牠瑭炪佷笉

璁婂寲瑭炪佸壇瑭炵瓑)锛屾垚鍝B鐐恒屽悕瑭炴ц獮瑭炪(鍖呮嫭鍚嶈銆佸舰瀹硅銆佸垎瑭

)锛屼篃灏辨槸AB涔嬮枔鐨勯棞淇備笉鏄屾牸銆嶇殑闄愬畾锛岃屾槸銆屾剰缇┿嶇殑闄

瀹氥傞劙杩戦噵鍗虫槸姝ゅ瀷鐨勪竴鍊嬬壒渚 (鏁村嬭鍚堣鍙栦腑鎬с佸柈鏁搞佸皪鏍硷紝鍋

鍓鐨勬儏娉)

浠ヤ笅渚A-B鐨勮鎬ц垑渚嬭鏄庯細

(a) 鍚嶈 + 鍚嶈锛

銆愬悓浣嶄慨椋俱 sala-rukkho = 娌欑緟-妯pabbindriyam = -鏍tejo-

dhatu = -鐣Sariputta-thero = 鑸嶅埄寮-闀疯avuso-vadena =

浠ユ湅鍙嬮欏嬭

銆愯鍠讳慨椋(鍚嶈+鍚嶈)锛岃鍠昏甯稿緦缃 mukha-cando = 鏈堜竴鑸(鐨庡ソ)

鐨勮噳purisusabho = 鐗涗竴鑸(寮峰/)鐨勪汉

(b) 褰㈠瑭 + 鍚嶈锛

銆愬舰瀹硅 + 鍚嶈銆maha-puriso = -浜pubba-jati = 鍓-鐢熴

銆愰亷鍘诲垎瑭 + 鍚嶈銆jinna-kobca = -榉bata-manussa = -浜

katipaham = 鏁告棩(鍋氬壇瑭)digha-rattam = 闀峰(鍋氬壇瑭)

銆愯〃閬旂壒璩垨娈婂嫕鎰忕京鐨勫舰瀹硅甯稿緦缃Rahula-bhaddo = 缇呰穻

(鍚夌ゥ鐨勭緟)ratana-varo = 鑷充笂涔嬪muni-pavaro =

涓婄殑鐗熷凹kamma-settham = 娈婂嫕涔嬫キ

銆愬悕瑭炴 + 閬庡幓鍒嗚銆戯細銆愮郴灞慨椋撅紝绯诲爆鎬ц唱(Adj./Noun) + 琛ㄧ郴灞

鐨勫垎瑭 (鈥瑕栫偤瑾嶇偤鈥)绛夈kusala-savkhato = 琚鐐哄杽

cakkhu-bhuto bana-bhuto dhamma-bhuto brahma-bhuto = 浠栨槸鐪笺佷粬

鏄櫤銆佷粬鏄硶銆佷粬鏄⒌settha-sammato = (閭)琚獚鐐烘渶涓(涔嬩汉)

(姝ら涔熷彲鐪嬩綔褰㈠瑭炲緦缃殑鎯呭舰)

(c) 鍚嶈 + 褰㈠瑭烇細

銆愯鍠讳慨椋 (鍚嶈 + 褰㈠瑭)锛岃鍠昏缃墠銆jalada-sama = 濡傞洸涓鑸

hima-sisira = 鍍忓啺涓妯e喎

(d) 鍓鎬 + 鍚嶈鎬э細(鎿村厖鍨嬫寔妤噵)

miccha-caro = 閭鑰sakad-agami = 涓渚嗚su-gato = 鍠勯

ati-devo = 瓒呯 (浠ヤ笂杞変綔鏈夎病閲) a-vijja = 鐒℃槑su-gati = 鍠勮叮

(浠ヤ笂浣滃悕瑭)bahi-dvare = 闁澶antara-magge = 涓puna-

divase = 闅斿ぉ(浠ヤ笂鍋氬壇瑭)

pubba淇>p.p.鏅傦紝甯稿緦缃assuta-pubbo = 鍓嶆墍鏈仦dinna-

pubbam = 閬庡幓鎵鏂bhuta-pubbam = 寰炲墠(鍋氬壇瑭)

 

(3) 鏁搁檺瀹氳鍚堣銆佸付鏁搁噵 (Digu samasa = Numerial-prifixed compounds)

 

閲嬪悕锛鈥渄igu鈥 = 浜岄牠鐗锛屾槸甯舵暩閲嬬殑涓渚 (浠ヤ緥鐐哄悕)

濡傚墠杩帮紝甯舵暩閲嬫槸鎸佹キ閲嬬殑涓鍊嬬壒娈婃儏褰紝鏄屽悓鏍笺嶉檺瀹氱殑鎯呮硜銆傜敱

鏂兼暩瑭炴湁銆屽舰瀹硅銆嶈垏銆屽悓浣嶈獮銆嶇殑浜岀ó鐢ㄦ硶锛屽洜姝ゅ付鏁搁噵涔熷彲绱板垎銆

鍚屼綅闄愬畾銆嶈垏銆屽舰瀹归檺瀹氥嶄簩绋

鍚屼綅闄愬畾锛visati-manussa = 浜屽崄浜sahassa-bhikkhu = 鍗冩瘮涓

褰㈠闄愬畾锛catur-itthiyo = 鍥涘嬪コ浜pabca-kkhandha = 浜旇槉

鏁村嬭鍚堣鍙仛涓鑸悕瑭烇紝鎺¤鏁革紝濡catuddisa = 鍥涙柟sattabhojjhavga

= 涓冭鏀銆備篃鍙仛闆嗗悎鍚嶈锛屾帯涓у柈鏁革紝濡catuddisam = 鍥涙柟sal-

ayatanam = 鍏叆铏

闄や簡鍋氬悕瑭炲锛屼篃鏈変綔鍓鐨勶紝濡catuggunam = 鍥涢噸tikkhattum =

sattaham = (閫g簩)涓冩棩銆傛湁杞変綔鏈夎病閲嬬殑锛屽catuppada = 鍥涜叧鐨(

)dvi-jo = 浜岀敓鐨(槌ャ佺墮榻掋佸﹩缇呴杸)

 

(4) 涓嶈畩鍖栭檺瀹氳鍚堣銆侀劙杩戦噵 (Avyayibhava samasa = Indeclinable compounds)

 

閲嬪悕锛鈥渁vyayibhava鈥 = 涓嶈畩鍖栨(avyaya < a-vi-i + bhava < bhu)

濡傚墠杩帮紝閯拌繎閲嬫槸鎸佹キ閲嬬殑涓鍊嬬壒娈婃儏褰紝鎴愬摗A鐐恒屽壇瑭炴ц獮瑭炪(

鎷帴闋銆佷笉璁婂寲瑭炪佸壇瑭炵瓑)锛屾垚鍝B鐐恒屽悕瑭炴ц獮瑭炪(鍖呮嫭鍚嶈銆佸舰

瀹硅銆佸垎瑭炵瓑)AB涔嬮枔鏄屾剰缇┿嶇殑闄愬畾锛岃屾暣鍊嬭鍚堣鍙栦腑鎬с

鍠暩銆佸皪鏍硷紝鍋氬壇瑭炵敤銆

渚濇垚鍝A-B鐨勬鎴愰鍨嬪垎鍒ヨ垑渚嬶細

(a) 鎺ラ牠瑭 + 鍚嶈锛anu-vassam = 姣忓勾pati-sotamz = 閫嗘祦

(b) 涓嶈畩鍖栬 + 鍚嶈锛yatha-sattim = 渚濆叾鑳藉姏tiro-kuddam = 绌跨墕

tiro-pakaram = 瓒婂tiro-dussam = 闅旇憲甯冨箷

 

 

3. 鎵鏈夎鍚堣銆佹湁璨¢噵 (Bahubbihi samasa = Possessive compounds)

 

閲嬪悕锛鈥渂ahubbihi鈥 鎰忚瑐銆鏈夎憲寰堝绋荤背鐨(鍦版柟)銆嶏紝鏄湁璨¢噵鐨勪竴渚 (

渚嬬偤鍚)

鏈夎病閲(浠ャA-B C銆嶈〃涔)鍙垎銆岀嫻缇┿嶈垏銆屽唬缇┿嶄簩绋傜嫻缇╃殑鏈夎病

閲嬫湁涓夊嬫浠讹細(1)瀹冪殑鏈寰屾垚鍝B鐐恒屽悕瑭炪嶏紝(2)鏁村嬭鍚堣杞変綔銆屽舰

瀹硅銆嶇敤锛屼慨椋俱屽椤嶆垨銆岄毐鍚嶇殑涓績瑭C(3)鍚湁銆屾湁钁銆嶄箣

鎰忥紝浠A-B淇>C鑰岃█锛屾剰璎傘C鏈夎憲A閭fǎ鐨B銆嶆垨銆CAB

閭fǎ鐨勩嶃傚pahuta-jivha = 寤i暦-鑸 > pahuta-jivho manavo = 鍏锋湁寤i暦鑸

-瀛╁瓙锛屽瀛-鏈夎憲寤i暦涔嬭垖锛屽瀛-鐨勮垖闋張闀峰張澶銆傚唬缇╃殑鏈夎病閲嬪墖

鎸囥屼换浣曡綁浣滃舰瀹硅鐢ㄧ殑瑜囧悎瑭炪嶏紝濡cakkhu-vibbeyya rupa = -鎵鑳戒簡

鍒ョ殑-鑹

鏈夎病閲嬪湪绲愭涓婃湁鏅傛渻浠ユ帴闋 sa- 琛ㄣ屽叿鏈夈嶏紝a- /an- 琛ㄣ屼笉鍏锋湁銆

涔嬫剰銆傝獮灏句緷 -a (m.) / -am (n.) / -a (f.) 璁婂寲锛屾垨闄勫姞 -ka / -aka / -ika / -in

鍐嶅仛璁婂寲銆

鐢变笂闈㈢殑瀹氱京鍙煡锛屾湁璨¢噵鏄敱鍏朵粬瑜囧悎瑭炩斺斿寘鎷浉閬曢噵銆佷緷涓婚噵銆佹寔

妤噵銆佸付鏁搁噵绛夆斺旇綁璁婇亷渚嗙殑銆備互涓嬩究鍒嗗垾鑸変緥锛

(a) 鐢辩浉閬曢噵渚嗙殑锛

candala-vamsiko = 琛ㄦ紨鐗规妧鐨勪汉(鑰嶅紕閻电悆锛屼互鍙婂湪绔圭闋傜琛ㄦ紨

鎴栫珯銆佹垨鍧愩佹垨鑷ョ瓑绋ó鐗规妧鐨勪汉)銆

sariram sa-mamsa-lohitam = 韬珨(灞嶉珨)鏈夎憲琛鑲

samana-brahmana antanantika = 鎸佹湁閭婃垨鐒¢倞涔嬭鐨娌欓杸濠嗙緟闁銆

sa-tina-katthodakam desam gacchi = 浠栧幓鍒颁竴铏鏈夎憲闈掕崏銆佽柂鏉愩

椋叉按鐨鍦版柟銆

ayam abalabalo viya, manda-mando viya, bhakutika-bhakutiko viya =

浠栫湅璧蜂締鐒$簿鎵撳僵銆佹剼绗ㄤ笉鍫佹剚鐪夎嫤鑷(姝や緥鏆鏂兼)

(b) 鐢变緷涓婚噵渚嗙殑锛

kumaro go-pakhumo = 瀛╁瓙鐨鐫瘺鍍忕墰鐨勪竴鑸(婕備寒)

bhikkhu patta-hattha = 姣斾笜鍊鎵嬩笂鎷胯憲缂

tesu sabba-pacchimako sotapanno sabbuttamo anagami ahosi = 浠栧

鍏ㄩ儴鐣朵腑鐨勬渶涓嬭闋堥檧娲鏈涓婅闃块偅鍚

Sabbe satta marissanti, jivitam hi maranantam; Yathakammam

gamissanti, pubba-papa-phalgpaga; nirayam papa-kammanta, pubba-

kamma ca suggatim. = 涓鍒囩溇鐢熼兘鏈冩浜★紝姝讳骸鏄敓鍛界殑绲傞粸锛

浠栧戦毃妤線鐢燂紝闋樺彈鎴栧杽鎴栨儭鐨勬灉鍫閫犳儭鐨(澧叆)鍦扮崉锛

琛屽杽鐨(寰鐢)鍠勮叮銆(maranantam鎸佹キ閲嬭綁浣滄湁璨¢噵)

(c) 鐢辨寔妤噵渚嗙殑锛

chinna-papabco buddho = 宸叉柗濡勫煼

dhammo gambhiro dud-daso dur-anubodho = 鐢氭繁銆闆h闆d互

浜嗘偀涔娉曘

sana-bharo su-sannaddho = (瑁濊憲)楹诲竷鐨勮瀛鎹嗗緱寰堢穵

amutrqsim evam-namo evam-gotto evam-vanno evam-aharo evam-

sukha-dukkha-patisamvedi evam-ayu-pariyanto = 鍦ㄩ偅瑁★紝鎴戞湁

妯g殑鍚嶅瓧銆侀欐ǎ鐨勫姘忋侀欐ǎ鐨勯殠绱氥(鍙楃敤)閫欐ǎ鐨勯鐗锛屾劅

鍙楅欐ǎ鐨勮嫤妯傦紝鏈夐欐ǎ鐨勫=閲(sukha-dukkha-patisamvedi渚濅富

閲嬭綁浣滄湁璨¢噵)

Upalissa gahapatissa tasmim yeva asane vi-rajam vita-malam dhamma-

cakkhum udapadi : yam kibci samudaya-dhammam sabban tam

nirodha-dhamman ti = 鍎﹩闆㈠眳澹氨鍦ㄥ骇涓婄敓璧閬犲〉銆侀洟鍨㈢殑

娉曠溂锛氫竴鍒 鍏锋湁闆嗚捣鎬ц唱鐨浜嬬墿锛岀殕鍏峰婊呮

atta-dipa viharatha atta-sarana an-abba-sarana, dhamma-dipa viharatha

dhamma-sarana an-abba-sarana = 浣犲戞噳瑭浠ヨ嚜宸卞仛娲叉笟浠ヨ嚜

宸卞仛渚濋潬涓嶈渚濋潬鍒ヤ汉锛涙噳瑭浠ユ硶鍋氭床娓浠ユ硶鍋氫緷闈

涓嶈渚濋潬鍒ョ殑浜嬬墿

mano-pubbavgama dhamma mano-settha = 璜告硶浠ユ剰鐐哄厛灏庯紝浠ユ剰

鐐烘渶涓

arogya-parama labha, santutthi-paramam dhanam, vissasa-parama

bati, nibbanam paramam sukham = 鈥鍋ュ悍鏄渶涓婄殑鍒╃泭锛岀煡瓒虫槸鏈

涓婄殑璨″瘜锛屼俊璩存槸鏈涓婄殑瑕垰锛屾秴妲冩槸鏈涓婄殑蹇▊ (Dhp.204)

Buddha-pamukho bhikkhu-savgo = 鈥浠ヤ經鐐轰笂棣栫殑姣斾笜鐪俱

鈥с愭帴搴忔暩鐨勩Anando atta-dutiyo = 闃块洠浠ヨ嚜宸辩偤绗簩 (闃块洠甯

钁椾竴浣嶅弸浼)銆

puriso tanha-dutiyo digham addhanam samsaram = 鈥浠ヨ勃鎰涚偤浼寸殑

浜猴紝闀锋檪杓看銆

adhivasetu me bhante bhagava svatanaya atta-catuttho bhattan ti =

涓栧皧鏄庢棩鑸囧叾浠栦笁浣嶅弸浼涓璧锋帴鍙楁垜鐨勪緵椁娿

vanijo appa-sattho mahad-dhano = 閫欏晢浜鍟嗛殜灏忋佽病瀵屽

khinasavo = 婕忕洝鑰akata-papo = 涓嶅啀閫犳儭涔嬩汉 avkita-

kannako = 绌挎湁鑰虫礊鐨勪汉a-soko = 鐒℃唫鑰miccha-ditthiko =

鎸侀偑瑕嬭

marana-mattam dukkham = 鈥鍍忚姝诲幓閭fǎ鐨鐥涜嫤 (鐥涜嫤娆茬禃)銆

(-matta绲愬熬鐨勶紝琛ㄣ屽儚鐨勭▼搴︼紝骞句箮锛屽儏鍍)

(d) 鐢卞付鏁搁噵渚嗙殑锛

eka-bhattiko = (鏃)涓椋熻呫

tevijjo = 鍏蜂笁鏄庤呫

kubjaro satthi-hayano = 鈥鍏崄姝茬殑璞°

pabca-mattani bhikkhu-satani = 鐧炬瘮涓鍏舵暩鏈変簲(鐐烘暩浜旂櫨鐨

姣斾笜)銆

 

 

4. 鍙ユ硶瑜囧悎瑭 (Syntactical compounds)

 

濡傚墠杩帮紝骞惧嬫棦闈炰甫鍒楋紝浜﹂潪闄愬畾闂滀總鐨勮獮瑭烇紝鏈夋檪鍊欏洜鐐恒屾湁钁楁剰缇╀笂

鐨勫瘑鍒囬棞閫c嶏紝缍撳父鍦ㄥ彞瀛愯!涓璧峰嚭鐝撅紝鑰岀祼鍚堝湪涓璧凤紝閫欑ó瑜囧悎瑭炲氨

鍙仛銆屽彞娉曡鍚堣銆嶃

浠ヤ笅渚濆叾绲愭鏂瑰紡鍒嗗垾鑸変緥锛

(a) 閫g簩楂 + 鍚嶈锛

viceyya-danam = 瀵╁療鏂(缍撻亷瀵╁療涔嬪緦鐨勫竷鏂)

patcca-samuppado = 绶h捣 (绶f柤姊濅欢涔嬭仛鍚堣屽緦鐢熻捣)

avecca-ppasadena = 鍏疯冻涓嶅娣ㄤ俊 (纰虹劧銆佹焙瀹氱殑娣ㄤ俊)

(b) 閫g簩楂 + 閬庡幓鍒嗚锛

uddissa-katam mamsam = 鐗瑰垾(鐐鸿嚜宸)婧栧倷鐨勮倝

a-dhicca-samuppanno = 鐒″洜鑰岀敓

(c) 鍏朵粬褰㈠紡锛

aham-karo = 鎴戝煼mamam-karo = 鎴戞墍鍩asmi-mano = 鎴戞參

ehi-passiko dhammo = (涓栧皧鏁欏皫鐨)娉曟槸鍊煎緱閭浜轰締鐪嬬殑

ehi-bhadantiko = (鎺ュ彈)銆屽皧鑰咃紝璜嬩締锛併嶇殑浜tittha-bhadantiko =

(鎺ュ彈)銆屽皧鑰咃紝璜嬬暀姝ワ紒銆嶇殑浜

ehi-bhikkhu-pabbajjaya pabbajetva = 浠ャ屽杽渚嗭紝姣斾笜锛併嶄箣瑾炲害浠ゅ嚭

te mihita-pubbavgama ehi-svagata-vadino = 浠栧戠附鏄厛闇插嚭寰瑧锛岀劧

寰岃锛氥屼締鍚э紒姝¤繋涔嬭嚦锛併

abba-d-atthu = 蹇呭畾銆佺附涔嬶紝鍙嶈

ma-ghato = 绂佸睜

iti-haso = 姝峰彶銆佸彛鍌充箣瑾 (= iti ha aso鏄欐ǎ閫欐ǎ)

iti-vuttaka = 濡傛槸瑾(缍) ( < vuttam h鈥 etam bhagavata 涓栧皧閫欐ǎ瑾)

a-kib-cano = 涓鐒℃墍鏈夌殑浜 (褰㈠pabbajito鍑哄浜)

nevasabbanasabbayatanam = 闈炴兂闈為潪鎯宠檿

 

 

涓夈佽鍚堣鐨勯i煶璁婂寲

 

鎴愬摗AB鍦ㄦ鎴愯鍚堣A-B鏅傦紝AB鐨勫瓧灏惧悇鏈変竴浜涜獮闊宠畩鍖栵紝闇瑕佹敞鎰忋

 

1. 鎴愬摗A鐨勮獮闊宠畩鍖栵細

 

(1) 鎴愬摗A -a 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岄亣鍒B鐐哄瓧鏍karbhu鐨勬淳鐢熻鏅傦紝A鐨勫瓧灏

甯歌畩鎴 -i (灏戞暩璁婃垚 -i )

 

dubbala-kata > dubbali-kata = 璁婂急

bahula-kata > bahuli-kata = 澶氫綔(澶氫慨缈)

sita-bhuta > siti-bhuta = 娓呮都

missa-bhuta > missi-bhuta = 鐩歌檿銆佸悎鏈

sammukha-bhava > sammukhi-bhavam = 鐣堕潰 (鍓)

eka-bhava > eki-bhava = 鍜屽悎(鐒¤珝)锛屽柈鐛

 

(2) 鎴愬摗A鐐虹敺鎬 -u 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屽父鏈冭畩鎴 -u (涔熸湁涓嶅皯淇濈暀 -u)

 

vibbu-jatika > vibbu-jatika = 鏈夋櫤鎱х殑(浜)

vibbu-(p)pasattha > vibbu-ppasattha / vibbu-pasattha = 鐐烘櫤鑰呮墍绋辫畾

vibbu-(g)garahita > vibbu-ggarahita / vibbu-garahita = 鐐烘櫤鑰呮墍瑷惰铂

vibbu-desita > vibbu-desita = 鏅鸿呮墍鏁

 

(3) 鎴愬摗A鐐恒go = 銆嶏紝瑜囧悎鏅傦紝閬囧埌瀛愰煶涓嶈畩锛岄亣鍒版瘝闊宠畩鎴 gav-

 

go-ghatako = 灞犵墰鐨勪汉

go-assam > gav-assam = 鐗涢Μ

 

(4) 鎴愬摗A鐐哄コ鎬 -a,-i,-u 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屽皯鏁告儏娉佹渻璁婄煭闊筹細

 

metta-citto > metta-citto = (浠)鍏锋湁鎱堝績

puppha-kannika-sadisa > puppha-kannika-sadisa = 鑺辫嫗涓鑸殑(鍏掑瓙)

dasi-dasam > dasi-dasam = 濠㈠コ鑸囧儠浜 (闆嗗悎鍚嶈)

Baranasi-raja > Baranasi-raja = 娉㈢緟濂堢帇

Jambu-rukkha-mule > Jambu-rukkha-mule = 闁绘诞妯逛笅 (Jambu浜︿綔 -u)

 

(5) 鎴愬摗A -ar绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屽父璁婃垚 -u

 

pitar-rakkhita > pitu-rakkhita = 鐐虹埗瑕墍瀹堣

pitar-soko > pitu-soko = (姝诲幓)鐖惰Κ鐨勬偛鍌

pitar-cittam > pitu-cittam = 灏嶅緟鐖惰Κ涔嬪績 (寮熷瓙灏嶉樋闂嶆ⅷ)

matar-ghatako > matu-ghatako = 寮掓瘝鑰

鍦ㄧ浉閬曢噵涓pitarmatar瑾炲熬璁婃垚 -a (涓绘牸鍠暩褰)

matar-pitar > mata-pitaro = 鐖舵瘝

pitar-putta > pita-putta = 鐖跺瓙

鑰屽皯鏁告儏娉侊紝涔熸湁璁婃垚piti-, petti-, mati-, matti- 鐨勶細

pitar-gottam > piti-gottam = 鐖跺

pitar-ghata-kammam > piti-ghata-kammam = 娈虹埗涔嬫キ

pitar-ghatino > petti-ghatino = 寮掔埗鑰 (娉ㄩ噵 = pitu-ghatika)

matar-gottam > mati-gottam = 姣嶅

matar-gho > matti-gho = 寮掓瘝鑰 (娉ㄩ噵 = mati-ghatiko)

matar-sambhava > matti-sambhavo = 姣嶈Κ鎵鐢熺殑

 

(6) 鎴愬摗A -as 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屽父璁婃垚 -o

 

apas-dhatu > apo-dhatu = 姘寸晫

tejas-sabbi > tejo-sabbi = 浣滅伀鎯

manas-vibbana > mano-vibbanam = 鎰忚瓨

鍙槸涔熸湁灏戞暩璁婃垚 -a, -i锛屾垨缍寔 -as鐨勶細

uras-ga > ura-go = 鑳歌鑰呫佽泧

vacas-kammam > vaci-kammam = 瑾炴キ

rajas-sira > rajas-siro = 婊块牠濉靛湡 (涓嶈畩)

 

(7) 鎴愬摗A -in, -an 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屼笩澶辨湯灏惧瓙闊筹紝璁婃垚 -i, -a

 

hatthin-ratanam > hatthi-ratanam = 璞″

dipin-cammam > dipi-cammam = 璞圭毊

rajan-duto > raja-duto = 鐜嬩娇 (鐜嬬殑浣胯)

 

(8) 鎴愬摗A -ant 绲愬熬鐨勫瓧锛岃鍚堟檪锛屼技鐒″畾鍓囷細

 

mahant-muni > maha-muni = 澶х墴灏

balavant-gavo > balava-gavo = (寮峰/)鏈夊姏鐨勭墰

sant-dhammo > sat-dhammo > saddhammo = 姝f硶

bhagavant-rupa > bhagavanta-rupa = 鍍忎笘灏婁竴妯g殑浜

bhagavant-mulaka dhamma > bhagavam-mulaka dhamma = 涓栧皧鏄暀娉曠殑

鏍规湰 (bhagavam-nettika bhagavam-patisarana = 涓栧皧鏄暀娉曠殑鐪肩洰銆涓栧皧

鏄暀娉曠殑渚濇铏)

 

(9) 鎴愬摗A鐐轰唬瑭炶垏鏁歌锛岃鍚堟檪锛屽父鏈夋暩绋笉鍚岀殑瑜囧悎褰㈠紡锛

 

tad-karo > tak-karo = 鍋氶偅浠朵簨 (閭fǎ鍋)

tvam-natho aham > tvan-natho aham = 鎴戜互浣犵偤渚濇

鏁歌銆屼簩銆嶆湁dvi-, dve-, di-, du-, duv- 绛夊绋鍚堝舰锛屽

di-jo = dvi-jo = duvi-jo = 鍐嶇敓鑰 (槌ワ紝濠嗙緟闁绛変笂涓夌ó闅庣礆锛岀墮榻掞紝铔)

du-masikam = 浜屽嬫湀

dve-masam = 浜屽嬫湀

duv-avgulam = 浜屾寚

鏁歌銆屽洓銆嶆湁catu-, catur-, catur-, culla-, cula- , cu(r)- 绛夊绋鍚堝舰锛屽

(nivattham) catu-kannakam = 鍥涜琛

bhikkhu catud-diso hoti = 姣斾笜閬婅鍥涙柟

catur-itthiyo = 鍥涘嬪コ浜

cullasiti-maha-kappe = 鏂煎叓鍗佸洓澶у姭涓

culasiti-sahassani = 鍏惉鍥涘崈

cuddasindriya = 鍗佸洓鏍

鏁歌銆屽叚銆嶆湁cha-, chal-, sal- 绛夊绋鍚堝舰锛屽

cha-dhaturo puriso cha-phassayatano = 浜烘湁鍏晫銆佸叚瑙歌檿

chal-abhijatiyo = 鍏敓椤

chal-abhibbo = 鍏峰叚閫氳

chaddisa = 鍏柟

chabbaggiya bhikkhu = 鍏兢姣斾笜 (鍏汉鎵鎴愮殑閭d竴缇ゆ瘮涓)

tena chabbaggo yapema = 閫欐ǎ锛屾垜鍊戝叚浜哄氨鑳藉瓨娲

sal-ayatanam = 鍏叆铏

 

(10) 鏈変竴浜涖屾瘝闊崇祼灏俱嶇殑鎴愬摗A锛岃鍚堟檪锛屼繚鐣欏叾渚嗘簮姊佃獮銆屽瓙闊崇祼灏俱

鐨勫舰寮忥細

 

khud-pipasa > khup-pipasa = 椋㈡复 (Pali: khuda,f. ; Skt. ksudh, ksudha ;

BSk. Ksud)

vac-karana-mattena > vak-karana-mattena = 鍙洜(鍠勬柤)璜囪 (Pali: vaca,f. ;

Skt. vac, vak, vakya)

 

2. 鎴愬摗B鐨勮獮闊宠畩鍖

 

鎴愬摗B涓鑸董鎸佸師渚嗙殑瑾炲熬璁婂寲锛屽彲鏄 -an渚嬪锛屽畠鏈変緷鍘熶締 -an璁婂寲鐨勶紝

涔熸湁渚 -a璁婂寲鐨勶細

 

maccu-raja = 姝荤帇 (Nom.sg.)

miga-rabbo = 楣跨帇 (Gen.sg.)

maha-rabba = 澶х帇 (Ins.sg.)

naga-rajassa = 璞$帇 (Gen.sg.)

maha-yasam labhimsu = 寰楀ぇ鍚嶇ū (Acc.sg.)

 

3. 鎴愬摗A-B涔嬮枔鐨勯i煶璁婂寲

 

(1) A-B涔嬮枔渚濅竴鑸殑閫i煶娉曞墖(澶栭i煶)璁婂寲鐨勶細

 

subba-agaram > subbagaram = 绌哄眿

maha-ogho > mahogho = 澶ф毚娴 (娲按)

anu-addhamasam > anvaddhamasam = 姣忓崐鏈

 

(2) 娉ㄦ剰锛氭垚鍝B鑻ュ師渚嗙殑姊佃獮褰㈢偤闆欏瓙闊充笩澶卞叾涓鐨勬儏褰紝鍓囬亣鍒版垚鍝A鐐烘瘝

闊崇祼灏炬檪锛屼竴鑸岃█锛B鏈冮噸瑜囧叾闁嬮牠鐨勫瓙闊筹細

 

dittha-suta-muta-vibbatesu = 闂滄柤鎵瑕嬨佹墍鑱炪佹墍瑕恒佹墍鐭 (< wruta锛屼緥澶)

bahu-suto > bahussuto = 澶氳仦 (< wruta)

madhura-saro > madhurassaro = 闊宠伈鐢滅編 (< svara)

sa-pabbo > sappabbo = 鏅鸿 (< prajba)

jati-khayam > jatikkhayam = 鐢熺洝 (< ksaya)

vehasa-thito > vehasatthito = 绔欏湪铏涚┖ (< stha)