绗竴椤炲嫊瑭 (First Conjugation)

鐝惧湪寮 (Present Tense)

-a 绲愬熬鐨勭敺鎬у悕瑭 (Masculine Nouns in -a)

涓绘牸鐨勭敤娉 (Nominative Case)

瑾炶闋嗗簭 (Word Order)

 

 

 

澹癸紟绗竴椤炲嫊瑭 (First Conjugation)

锛戯紟绗竴椤炲嫊瑭炵殑妲嬫垚

(1) 鍕曡涓夊爆鎬э細鏅傛厠/瑾炴厠/瑾炴埃 (Tense/Voice/Mood)銆佷汉绋(Person)

(Number)

 

(2) 绗竴椤炲嫊瑭炵殑妲嬫垚锛

 

 

(鎺ラ牠瑭) + 瀛楁牴' + a + 鍕曡瑾炲熬 (ti绛)

瑾炲熀

<瀛楁牴> <鎺ュ熬瑭>

琛ㄩ仈锛 <鎰忕京> <椤炲垾/鏅傛厠/瑾炴厠> <鏅傛厠/瑾炴埃銆佷汉绋便佹暩>

 

銆愭敞銆戯細銆屽瓧鏍'銆嶈〃绀恒屽瓧鏍缍撴煇绋畩鍖銆嶏紝閫氬父鏄岄噸闊冲寲銆(guna)

 

锛屽嵆锛 i / i > a + i / i > e ay

u / u > a + u / u > o av

 

涓鑸鍙湁瀛楁牴鐨i,u寰屾帴01鍊嬪瓙闊筹紝鎴i,u 寰屾帴0鍊嬪瓙闊虫檪鎵嶅挤鍖栥

 

(3) 鐩磋娉曠従鍦ㄥ紡鐨勫嫊瑭炶獮灏

 

 

< bhu >

sg.

pl.

 

3rd.

bhav-a-ti

(浠栨槸)

bhav-a-nti

(浠栧戞槸)

 

2nd.

bhav-a-si

(浣犳槸)

bhav-a-tha

(浣犲戞槸)

 

1st.

bhav-a-mi

(鎴戞槸)

bhav-a-ma

(鎴戝戞槸)

 

 

锛掞紟绗竴椤炲嫊瑭炵ず渚

(1) 鏈挤鍖栧瓧鏍圭殑

 

jiv > jiv + a + ti > jivati 浠栨椿钁椼侀亷娲 (he lives, he is alive,

he makes a living)

pass > pass + a + ti > passati 浠栫湅瑕 (he sees)

bhas > bhas + a + ti > bhasati 浠栬 (he says, he speaks)

vad > vad + a + ti > vadati 浠栬 (he says)

har > har + a + ti > harati 浠栨嬁 (he takes)

 

(2) 寮峰寲瀛楁牴鐨

 

cu > cav + a + ti > cavati 浠栨浜 (he falls)

bhu > bhav + a + ti > bhavati 浠栨槸銆佹湁 (he is, there exists)

hu > ho + a + ti > hoti 浠栨槸銆佹湁 (he/there is) ( o < ava)

 

(3) 甯舵帴闋鐨

 

upa-sam-(k)kam > upasamkamati 浠栧幓銆佸線瑭 (he goes to,approaches)

(p)pa-(k)kam > pakkamati 浠栭洟鍘 (he goes away)

ni-sid > nisidati 浠栧潗涓 (he sits down)

a-har > aharati 浠栨嬁渚 (he brings)

 

鎺ラ牠瑭炶鏄銆戯細

 

upa- 鏈夈岃繎銆侀毃锛屽壇銆(up to, towards;little,secondary)绛夌京銆

  sam- 鏈夈屽叡銆侀泦锛屾锛岀瓑锛岄亶(寮锋剰)(together; correct; same;

thoroughly (intensive) ) 绛夌京銆

(p)pa- 鏈夈岄洟锛岄诧紝鍓嶏紝(寮锋剰)(out,away; forth,forward; before;

(intensive) ) 绛夌京銆

  ni- 鏈夈屼笅銆(down)涔嬬京锛涘彟澶栵紝ni(r)- 鍓囩偤銆岄洟銆佸弽銆佺劇銆(

away from, opposite, without) 涔嬬京銆

a- 鏈夈屽弽韬紝寰銆佽嚦銆(reflexive; forth, out , to, toward) 涔嬬京銆

 

hu bhu 鐨勬瘮杓銆戯細

1. 妲嬮狅細hoti bhavati 涔嬨屽急瑾炲瀷銆嶃( h < bh, o < ava)

2. 浣跨敤鏅傛锛氱従鍦ㄥ紡鏁f枃涓鑸敤 hoti锛岃┅闋屽父鐢 bhavati銆傚叾瀹冩檪

鎱嬫湁鐨勫彧鐢 bhu (濡傛湭渚嗗紡 bhavissati)锛屾湁鐨勫彧鐢 hu (濡傞亷鍘诲紡

ahosi)

 

锛擄紟姣嶉煶闅庢 (Vowel Gradation)

 

鍘熷舰 (a + -) 寮峰寲褰 (a + -) 闀峰寲褰

姣嶉煶 Zero (0) Strong (1,guna) Lengthened (2,vuddhi)

(1) a/a a/a a/a (涓嶈畩) a

(2) i/i i/i e (=a+) ay e (=a+) ay

(3) u/u u/u o (=a+) av o (=a+) av

(4) e/o锛氬挤鍖(Strengthened)銆侀暦鍖(Lengthened) 涔嬪緦閭勬槸銆e/o銆嶃

 

 

闄勮銆戯細绗竴椤炲嫊瑭炪屽瓧鏍 > 瀛楁牴'銆嶇殑璁婂寲鍘熷墖

鍦ㄦ煇浜涙儏娉佸皪銆屽瓧鏍规瘝闊(Root Vowel)銆嶄綔銆屽挤鍖(Strengthen)銆嶏細

(0) 瀛楁牴姣嶉煶鐐 a,a,e,o 鏅備笉璁婏紝鐐 i/u/i/u 鏅備緷浠ヤ笅鍘熷墖鐐轰箣銆

(1) i + 01鍊嬪瓙闊 > e (鑰屽緦 e + a > aya )

u + 01鍊嬪瓙闊 > o (鑰屽緦 o + a > ava )

(2) i + 0鍊嬪瓙闊 > e (鑰屽緦 e + a > aya )

u + 0鍊嬪瓙闊 > o (鑰屽緦 o + a > ava )

璨斥х従鍦ㄥ紡 (Present Tense)

锛戯紟浣跨敤鏅傛

 

(0) 琛ㄧず銆岀従鍦ㄧ殑鍕曚綔銆嶃佹弿杩般岀従鍦ㄧ殑浜嬪銆嶃

(1) 琛ㄧず銆岄潪鐗瑰畾鏅傞枔銆(Indefinite Time)鎴栥岄潪闂滄檪闁撱(Timeless)

鐨勬晿杩(渚嬪鏅亶鐨勭湡鐞)

(2) 琛ㄧず銆屽嵆杩戠殑鏈締銆(Immediate Future)

(3) 琛ㄧず銆岄亷鍘/姝峰彶涓殑鐝惧湪銆(Past/Historic Present)

(4) 琛ㄧず銆岀⒑瀹氥佹湁闄愭檪闁撶殑鏈締銆(Fixed Future Time)鏈冨仛鐨勫嫊浣溿

 

锛掞紟鍙ヤ腑鐨勪唬鍚嶈 (Pronoun)

 

(1) 宸村埄瑾炲彞瀛愪腑锛屼笉涓瀹氶渶瑕佷汉绋变唬鍚嶈锛堝洜鐐哄嫊瑭炴湰韬凡鍙〃閬

浜虹ū锛夈

(2) 鑻ヤ娇鐢ㄦ檪锛岄氬父绗笁浜虹ū(sa)琛ㄧず銆岀ū浠e墠闈㈡彁鍒扮殑鍚嶈銆嶏紱鑰岀

涓銆浜屼汉绋(ahaj,tvaj)鍓囪〃閬斻岀壒鍒ュ挤瑾挎浜虹ū銆嶃傚锛

 

ahaj vadami (鎴戣) 鈹鈹鈹鈹攢 寮疯涓昏(浜虹ū)

tvaj vadasi (浣犺) 鈹鈹鈹鈹

so vadati (浠栬) 鈹鈹鈹鈹鈹 绋变唬鍓嶈堪鍚嶈

 

 

鍙冣-a 绲愬熬鐨勭敺鎬у悕瑭 (Masculine Nouns in -a)

-a 绲愬熬鐨勭敺鎬у瓧銆屼富鏍煎柈鏁搞嶈獮灏剧偤 -o锛屼互涓嬫槸涓浜涗緥瀛愶細

 

 

upasako 鍎﹩濉炪佺敺鍦ㄥ寮熷瓙 (lay disciple) ( < upa-as -)

kayo 韬佺墿璩 (body,substance)

khattiyo 鍓庡笣鍒┿佺帇鏃 (warrior,noble)

gamo 鏉戙佽仛钀 (village)

tathagato 濡備締 (thus-gone) ( < tatha-(a)-gato -/)

devo 澶┿佺銆佸湅鐜 (god,king - respectful address)

putto 鍏掑瓙 (son)

puriso 浜恒佺敺瀛愩佸+澶 (man,person)

brahmano 濠嗙緟闁 (priest,brahman,brahmin)

maggo 閬撱佽矾銆佹柟娉 (path,road,way)

manusso () (human being,person)

amanusso 闈炰汉 (non-human being) (鎺ラ牠瑭 a- 琛ㄥ惁瀹)

mahamatto 澶ц嚕 (minister)

loko 涓栭枔銆佹湁鎯呫佺敓鐣 (word,people,universe)

samano 娌欓杸銆佷慨琛岃 (ascetic,wanderer,philosopher) ( < wram )

samayo 鏅傘佹檪鍊欍佹檪姗熴佹檪鏈 (a time,occasion -- any time, time of

an event)

 

 

鑲嗏т富鏍肩殑鐢ㄦ硶 (Nominative Case)

锛愶紟涓绘牸鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細锛堟铏曚互-a鐐轰緥锛屽叾椁樿珛鍙冭鏈珷鏈寰屻屼竴瑕借〃銆嶏級

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

buddha m. > buddh-o buddh-a

phala n. > phal-am phal-ani

phal-a

kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-a kabb-a

kabb-ayo

 

锛戯紟浣滀富鍕曞彞(Active) 鐨勪富瑭(Subject)锛嶏紞鍕曚綔鑰(Agent)

 

brahmano passati = 濠嗙緟闁鐪嬭 (the priest sees)

 

锛掞紟浣滀富瑭(Subject)鐨勮瑾(Complement)

 

(1) Be 鍕曡鐨勬儏娉

 

brahmano mahamatto hoti = 濠嗙緟闁鏄嬪ぇ鑷 (the priest is a

minister)

(2) 鐪佺暐 Be 鍕曡鐨勬儏娉

 

  eso samano = 浠栨槸娌欓杸 (this/he is the philosopher)

(3) 浣溿屽悓浣嶈獮銆嶏紝鐩存帴淇>涓昏

 

brahmano mahamatto passati = 韬偤澶ц嚕鐨勫﹩缇呴杸鐪嬭 (the priest

(who is) the minister sees)

 

锛擄紟浣溿屽線瑭g祼妲嬨(visit construction)鐨勩屽皪璞°(somebody or someplace)

 

yena mahamatto tena upasamkamati = 浠栧幓鎷滆í澶ц嚕 (he visits the
minister)

yena gamo tena upasamkamati = 浠栧埌鏉戝瓙鍘 (he goes to the village)

 

锛旓紟浣溿屽紩铏 (ti) 鎵寮曠ū鐨勩屽柈瑭炲収瀹广

 

 

kayo ti = 銆岃韩銆('body')

 

 

浼嶁ц獮瑭為爢搴 (Word Order)

锛戯紟涓鑸爢搴忕偤锛 鍕曚綔浣滆 --- 淇>瑾 ---- 鍕曚綔鍙楄 ---- 鍕曚綔

(agent) (attribute) (patient) (action)

<涓诲嫊鍙> 涓昏 Nom. 鍙楄 Acc. 鍕曡

 

渚嬶細娌欓杸鐬挎泧灏嶈濠嗙緟闁瑾

-- Samano Gotamo brahmane vadati

涓昏Nom. 涓昏鍚屼綅瑾 鍙楄 Acc.pl. 鍕曡

 

锛掞紟瑾炶闋嗗簭鑸囥屾枃娉曘嶇劇闂滐紝鍙垏銆岀繏鎱c嶆湁闂溿

 


 


闄勶細

涓绘牸 瑾炲熬璁婂寲 涓瑕

 

(1) 姣嶉煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細

 

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

buddha m. > buddh-o buddh-a

buddh-ase

aggi m. > agg-i agg-i

agg-ayo

agg-iyo

bhikkhu m. 姣斾笜 > bhikkh-u bhikkh-u

bhikkh-avo

----------------------------

phala n. > phal-am phal-ani

phal-a

akkhi n. > akkh-im akkh-ini

akkh-i akkh-i

assu n. > ass-um ass-uni

ass-u ass-u

==================

kabba f. 灏戝コ > kabb-a kabb-a

kabb-ayo

jati f. > jat-i jat-i

jat-iyo

nadi f. > nad-i nad-i

nad-iyo

dhenu f. 鐗$墰 > dhen-u dhen-u

dhen-uyo

jambu f. 闁绘诞妯 > jamb-u jamb-u

jamb-uyo

 

(2) 瀛愰煶绲愬熬鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

attan m. 鑷垜 > att-a attan-o

att-a

rajan m. > raj-a rajan-o

rabb-o raj-a

kamman n. > kamm-am kamm-ani

kamm-a kamm-a

---------------------------- 鍠暩 瑜囨暩

bhagavant m. 涓栧皧 > bhagav-a bhagavant-o

bhagavant-o bhagavant-a

gacchant m. > gacch-am gacchant-o

(ppr.) gacchant-o gacchant-a

----------------------------

hatthin m. > hatth-i hatthin-o

hatth-i hatth-i

gamin n. 灏庤 > gam-i gam-ini

gam-i

----------------------------

vacas n. > vac-o vac-a

vac-a

----------------------------

ayus n. > ayum ay-uni

ayu ay-u

----------------------------

pitar m. > pit-a pitar-o

matar f. > mat-a matar-o

mat-a

 

(3) 浠e悕瑭為鐨勮獮灏捐畩鍖栵細

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

ta(d) m. > so t-e

sa n-e

eta(d) m. > eso et-e

esa

ima(m) m. > ayam im-e

ka m. > k-o k-e

ka-ci m. > ko-ci ke-ci

ya(d) m. > y-o y-e

sabba m. 涓鍒 > sabb-o sabb-e

amu m. > am-u am-u

as-u am-uyo

----------------------------

ta(d) n. > t-am t-ani

n-am n-ani

tad

eta(d) n. > et-am et-ani

etad

 

鍠暩 瑜囨暩

ima(m) n. > imam im-ani

idam

ka n. > k-im k-ani

ka-ci n. > kib-ci kani-ci

ya(d) n. > y-am y-ani

yad

sabba n. 涓鍒 > sabb-am sabb-ani

amu n. > am-um am-uni

ad-um am-u

----------------------------

ta(d) f. > sa t-a (n-a)

t-ayo (n-ayo)

eta(d) f. > esa et-a (et-ayo)

ima(m) f. > ayam im-a (im-ayo)

ka f. > k-a k-a (k-ayo)

ka-ci f. > ka-ci ka-ci (kayo-ci)

ya(d) f. > y-a y-a (y-ayo)

sabba f. 涓鍒 > sabb-a sabb-a (sabb-ayo)

amu f. > as-u am-u (am-uyo)

==================

aham > aham mayam (no)

amh-e

tvam > tvam tumh-e (vo)

v